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timegm
Transform binary date and time values
Interface
#include <time.h> | extern char** | tzname () |
| char | ctime (const time_t *clock) |
| double | difftime (time_t time1, time_t time0) |
| char | asctime (const struct tm *tm) |
| struct tm | localtime (const time_t *clock) |
| struct tm | gmtime (const time_t *clock) |
| time_t | mktime (struct tm *tm) |
| time_t | timegm (struct tm *tm) |
| char | ctime_r (const time_t *clock, char *buf) |
| struct tm | localtime_r (const time_t *clock, struct tm *result) |
| struct tm | gmtime_r (const time_t *clock, struct tm *result) |
| char | asctime_r (const struct tm *tm, char *buf) |
Description
The functions ctime, gmtime and localtime all take as an argument a time value representing the time in seconds since the Epoch (00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970; see reference:time). The function localtime converts the time value pointed at by clock, and returns a pointer to a struct tm (described below) which contains the broken-out time information for the value after adjusting for the current time zone (and any other factors such as Daylight Saving Time). Time zone adjustments are performed as specified by the TZ environment variable (see reference:tzset). The function localtime uses reference:tzset to initialize time conversion information if reference:tzset has not already been called by the process.
After filling in the tm structure, localtime sets the tm_isdst 'th element of tzname to a pointer to an ASCII string that's the time zone abbreviation to be used with localtime's return value.
The function gmtime similarly converts the time value, but without any time zone adjustment, and returns a pointer to a tm structure (described below).
The ctime function adjusts the time value for the current time zone in the same manner as localtime, and returns a pointer to a 26-character string of the form:
Thu Nov 24 18:22:48 1986
Example:
Example - Transform binary date and time values
Problem
The following example uses the time function to calculate the time elapsed (in seconds), since Epoch, then local-time() to convert this value into a broken-down time, and finally asctime() to create a printable string from the broken down string.
Workings
#include <time.h> #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { time_t result; result = time(NULL); struct tm* brokentime = localtime(&result); printf("%s%ju secs since the Epoch\n", asctime(brokentime), (long)result); return(0); }
Solution
Output:
Fri Jan 4 21:36:16 2008 17593385526992 secs since the Epoch
All the fields have constant width.
The ctime_r function provides the same functionality as ctime except the caller must provide the output buffer
buf to store the result, which must be at least 26 characters long. The localtime_r and gmtime_r functions provide the same functionality as localtime and gmtime respectively, except the caller must provide the output buffer result.
Example:
Example - Transform binary date and time values
Problem
A repeat the above example, this time using localtime_r;
Workings
#include <time.h> #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { time_t result; result = time(NULL); struct tm* brokentime = new tm(); localtime_r(&result, brokentime); printf("%s%ju secs since the Epoch\n", asctime(brokentime), (long)result); delete(brokentime); return(0); }
The asctime function converts the broken down time in the structure
tm pointed at by *tm to the form shown in the example above.
The asctime_r function provides the same functionality as asctime except the caller provide the output buffer buf to store the result, which must be at least 26 characters long.
The functions mktime and timegm convert the broken-down time in the structure pointed to by tm into a time value with the same encoding as that of the values returned by the reference:time function (that is, seconds from the Epoch, UTC ). The mktime function interprets the input structure according to the current timezone setting (see reference:tzset). The timegm function interprets the input structure as representing Universal Coordinated Time (UTC.)
The original values of the tm_wday and tm_yday components of the structure are ignored, and the original values of the other components are not restricted to their normal ranges, and will be normalized if needed. For example, October 40 is changed into November 9, a tm_hour of -1 means 1 hour before midnight, tm_mday of 0 means the day preceding the current month, and tm_mon of -2 means 2 months before January of tm_year. (A positive or zero value for tm_isdst causes mktime to presume initially that summer time (for example, Daylight Saving Time) is or is not in effect for the specified time, respectively. A negative value for tm_isdst causes the mktime function to attempt to divine whether summer time is in effect for the specified time. The tm_isdst and tm_gmtoff members are forced to zero by timegm .)
On successful completion, the values of the tm_wday and tm_yday components of the structure are set appropriately, and the other components are set to represent the specified calendar time, but with their values forced to their normal ranges; the final value of tm_mday is not set until tm_mon and tm_year are determined. The mktime function returns the specified calendar time; if the calendar time cannot be represented, it returns -1;
The difftime function returns the difference between two calendar times, ( time1 - time0), expressed in seconds.
External declarations as well as the tm structure definition are in the #include <time.h> include file. The tm structure includes at least the following fields:
int tm_sec; /* seconds (0 - 60) */ int tm_min; /* minutes (0 - 59) */ int tm_hour; /* hours (0 - 23) */ int tm_mday; /* day of month (1 - 31) */ int tm_mon; /* month of year (0 - 11) */ int tm_year; /* year - 1900 */ int tm_wday; /* day of week (Sunday = 0) */ int tm_yday; /* day of year (0 - 365) */ int tm_isdst; /* is summer time in effect? */ char *tm_zone; /* abbreviation of timezone name */ long tm_gmtoff; /* offset from UTC in seconds */The field tm_isdst is non-zero if summer time is in effect. The field tm_gmtoff is the offset (in seconds) of the time represented from UTC, with positive values indicating east of the Prime Meridian.