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# Cubic

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Interpolates a given set of points using cubic spline fitting.
Controller: CodeCogs

C++

## Class Cubic

A cubic spline is a piecewise cubic polynomial such that the function, its derivative and its second derivative are continuous at the interpolation nodes. The natural cubic spline has zero second derivatives at the endpoints. It is the smoothest of all possible interpolating curves in the sense that it minimizes the integral of the square of the second derivative. For more information on this algorithm, please see references.

An important detail when using this class is that the abscissas array (the x-axis) given as argument to the constructor needs to be sorted in ascending order. For an optimal fit, the elements should also be equally spaced, though this is by no mean essential.

Below you will find the interpolation graphs for a set of points obtained by evaluating the function , displayed in light blue, at particular abscissas. The spline fitting curve, displayed in red, has been calculated using this class. In the first graph there had been chosen a number of 12 points, while in the second 36 points were considered. You may notice the root mean squared error in each of the cases.

## References:

• PlanetMath, http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/CubicSplinInterpolation.html
• Tuan Dang Trong, "Numath Library"
• Forsythe, G.E. "Computer methods for mathematical computations", PRENTICE-HALL, INC (1977)

### Example 1

The following example displays 20 interpolated values (you may change this amount through the N_out variable) for the given function  with abscissas equally spaced in the  interval. The X and Y coordinate arrays are initialized by evaluating this function for N = 12 points equally spaced in the domain from  to .
#include <codecogs/maths/approximation/interpolation/cubic.h>

#include <math.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

#define PI  3.1415
#define N   12

int main()
{
// Declare and initialize two arrays to hold the coordinates of the initial data points
double x[N], y[N];

// Generate the points
double xx = PI, step = 4 * PI / (N - 1);
for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i, xx += step) {
x[i] = xx;
y[i] = sin(2 * xx) / xx;
}

// Initialize the Cubic spline interpolation routine with known data points
Maths::Interpolation::Cubic A(N, x, y);

// Interrogate spline curve to find interpolated values
int N_out = 20;
xx = PI, step = (3 * PI) / (N_out - 1);
for (int i = 0; i < N_out; ++i, xx += step) {
cout << "x = " << setw(7) << xx << "  y = ";
cout << setw(13) << A.getValue(xx) << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Output:
x =  3.1415  y = -5.89868e-005
x = 3.63753  y =      0.233061
x = 4.13355  y =      0.216427
x = 4.62958  y =     0.0486148
x = 5.12561  y =     -0.133157
x = 5.62163  y =     -0.172031
x = 6.11766  y =    -0.0456079
x = 6.61368  y =     0.0906686
x = 7.10971  y =      0.116462
x = 7.60574  y =     0.0557287
x = 8.10176  y =      -0.03875
x = 8.59779  y =      -0.10346
x = 9.09382  y =    -0.0734111
x = 9.58984  y =     0.0298435
x = 10.0859  y =      0.094886
x = 10.5819  y =     0.0588743
x = 11.0779  y =    -0.0171021
x = 11.5739  y =    -0.0630512
x =   12.07  y =    -0.0601684
x =  12.566  y =   -0.00994154

Also consider the regression methods: Regression/Discrete, Regression/Forsythe, Regression/Orthogonal, Regression/Stiefel

### Authors

Lucian Bentea (August 2005)
##### Source Code

Source code is available when you agree to a GP Licence or buy a Commercial Licence.

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## Members of Cubic

#### Cubic

 Cubic( int n double* x double* y )[constructor]
Initializes the necessary data for following evaluations of the spline.
 n The number of initial points x The x-coordinates for the initial points y The y-coordinates for the initial points

#### GetValue

 doublegetValue( double x )
Returns the approximated ordinate at the given abscissa.

### Note

The value of the x parameter needs to be in the X[1]...X[N - 1] interval (including endpoints).
 x The abscissa of the interpolation point

## Cubic Once

 doubleCubic_once( int N double* x double* y double a )
This function implements the Cubic class for one off calculations, thereby avoid the need to instantiate the Cubic class yourself.

### Example 2

The following graph is constructed from interpolating the following values:
x = 1  y = 0.22
x = 2  y = 0.04
x = 3  y = -0.13
x = 4  y = -0.17
x = 5  y = -0.04
x = 6  y = 0.09
x = 7  y = 0.11
There is an error with your graph parameters for Cubic_once with options N=7 x="1 2 3 4 5 6 7" y="0.22 0.04 -0.13 -0.17 -0.04 0.09 0.11" a=1:7 .input

Error Message:Function Cubic_once failed. Ensure that: Invalid C++

### Parameters

 N The number of initial points x The x-coordinates for the initial points y The y-coordinates for the initial points a The x-coordinate for the output point

### Returns

the interpolated y-coordinate that corresponds to a.
##### Source Code

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